Furthermore, the intelligence to negate provides the power to keep risky offers arising from verbal communication at bay. In terms of shopping, negating words are relevant for bargaining. Saying 'no' generates a capacity for the speaker to negotiate for a simple agreement. In a typical foreign language classroom, Malay students would learn the following three Malay words to perform a simple negation in daily interaction.
Negating Words
|
English gloss
|
Example
|
Bukan
(contrastive) |
Not or No
|
1.
Kuih ini bukan pisang goreng.
2.
Rumah saya bukan di Jurong.
My house is not
in Jurong.
|
Tidak
(descriptive) |
Don’t or No
|
3.
Saya tidak tidur lewat.
I do not sleep
late.
4.
Abang saya tidak kurus.
My elder brother
is not thin.
|
Jangan
(prohibitive) |
Do not
|
5.
Jangan makan di dalam perpustakaan
Do not eat inside
the library.
|
Table 1 contains three negating words in Malay that are
commonly used in verbal communication.[2]
Even though the examples in Table 1 are
quite straightforward, a student of
Elementary Malay may pose interesting questions including the possibility of
using 'ini kuih' (kuih this) instead of 'kuih ini' (this kuih) in example 1.
The basis of such a query is understandable if students have the experience
of learning the instantiated Malay syntactic form, 'ini’ + ‘kuih’ in deictic expressions by looking at
the pictures while reading out the nouns in view.
"Ini kuih pisang goreng" (This is a fried fretter)
More explanations are required to satisfy an inquisitive mind that examines and generates a particular syntactic pattern across varying types of expression. As a foreground to our understanding of Malay grammar, it is explained that a Malay noun comes before a demonstrative in a typical Malay construction, as follows:
6. Rumah ini rumah saya.
This house is my house
I call this linguistic rule ‘the more important thing comes first’ syntactic principle. A Malay deictic expression that begins with a demonstrative 'ini' is, hence, irregular Malay syntax because the ini-headed phrase inverts the syntactic principle. Hence, the student's query of *'Ini kuih bukan pisang goreng' is actually an ill-formed negative expression in Malay because it goes against 'the most important thing comes first' principle.
We may test the negation further for more information.
7. Kuih ini bukan pisang goreng [this kuih is not fried fritter]
8. *Ini kuih bukan pisang goreng [*kuih this is not fried fritter]
That only 'kuih ini bukan pisang goreng'
is a grammatical negation in Standard Malay grammar but not *'ini kuih bukan pisang goreng' suggests
to us that negating a Malay sentence with an inverted noun phrase (NP) runs into a conflict of meaning, not least basic negative expressions entail a specific reference but not its presupposition.[3] In other words, a specific NP is required to provide a scopal dependence for processing the negated information [4]. A similar contrast of English examples illustrating ill-formed negations with non-dependent specification includes the following examples.
9. Today is not Monday. vs. 9a. *Monday is not today.
10. This rice is not chicken rice. vs. 10a. *Chicken rice is not this rice.
In conclusion, recognising and understanding the different negative expressions between languages, especially in the case of English first language speakers learning Malay, is useful for teaching Malay negative words. Interlanguage contrast provides a space of contemplation by invoking a familiar path into the terrain of negation in another language. Informing Malay learners that negating certain Malay phrases works well with a specific noun reference, but not with its deictic counterpart, is a relevant start towards acquiring Malay negation.
Jyh Wee Sew,
Centre for Language Studies, Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences, National University of Singapore
[1] Kuih, a Malay delicacy, is more complicated than a snack in terms of preparation but less elaborate than a cake in terms of size and appearance.
[2] Interested readers may refer to Asmah Haji Omar, Nahu Melayu Mutakhir (5th ed., Kuala Lumpur, Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 2009) for more examples of Malay negative words; and also Asmah Haji Omar, Rekonstruksi kata dalam bahasa Melayu induk (Kuala Lumpur, Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 1995) for the origins of a Malay negative word.
[3] See Jyh Wee Sew, Reduplicating nouns and verbs in Malay: A conceptual analysis, Kuala Lumpur: University of Malaya Press, 2007.
[4] See discussions in Jyh Wee Sew, Review of Liu F., Scope and Specifity, Australian Journal of Linguistics 19(2) (1999), 262-264; as well as Jyh Wee Sew, Evolusi kata nafi bahasa Melayu dan kesejagatan bahasa, Jurnal Dewan Bahasa 43(12) (1999), 1136-1151.
