The
passive voice is one that causes many problems for speakers of English as an
Additional Language (EAL). This may be because it does not exist in their
language, or because it is used differently. The passive voice, however, is
frequently used in academic writing, especially in reports or in other
situations where the action or outcome of an action are more important than the
person who performed the action.
For
example, it might be important to highlight people’s names in some cases,
because you want the reader to focus on that information:
Marie
and Pierre Curie discovered radium and polonium.
In
other cases, however, you might not want to highlight the names, but you still want to
include them:
Radium
and polonium were discovered by Marie and Pierre Curie.
Alternatively, you could omit the names completely and concentrate on an action and the
outcome of that action:
Radium
and polonium were discovered in a shed.
(That’s
true – you can read about it on the Nobel Prize website.)
Here
are two more sentences:
The
shed was falling down, so we had it repaired.
The
shed leaked, so we got the roof replaced.
You
might have noticed something unusual about these last two sentences. Most
passive voice constructions use the verb “to be” followed by a past participle.
However, it is possible to have a passive-type construction using “get” or “have”,
as in the examples above (had it repaired
and got the roof replaced). In these
cases, “have” and “get” are followed by a past participle. They are called “causative
verbs” and often mean that someone does something for you at your request.
We
asked someone to repair the shed. – active
The
shed was repaired. – passive
We
had the shed repaired. – causative “have”
There
is also another construction which many learners of English are not aware of.
It comes midway between the active and the passive, and is sometimes called the
“middle voice”. This occurs with verbs such as “break” and “open”:
Tim broke the window. – active
The window was broken (by Tim). –
passive
The window broke. – middle
Kate opened the window. – active
The window was opened (by Kate). –
passive
The window opened. – middle
With
the active voice, we know who did the action. With the passive, we know that
someone did an action, but we do not need to include their name if we don’t
want to. With the middle voice, it seems as though the action happened
spontaneously; there is no need to include a person at all.
There
are several hundred of these “ergative verbs” which can be used in the middle
voice in English, and using them in this way makes a writer’s English sound
more like that of a native speaker.
You
can find a list of ergative verbs at the English for Uni website,
together with exercises and a new video story. This story is called “Stolen on
the Ghan”, and is set on the train from Adelaide, in South Australia, to Darwin,
in Australia’s north. In addition to grammar detective Ms Parrot, the video features
the singer Bobby Dylan and the film star Dizzy Delite, both of whom suspect
that their necklaces have been stolen.
It is
Bobby Dylan who sings the video’s opening song, with a mixture of active,
passive and middle voice:
I used to be so passive;
Every door was closed to me.
I used to be so passive;
No door was opened to me.
Then the door opened;
It opened ergatively.
[I made up that
adverb to remind you that "open" is an ergative verb!]
So I pushed it open;
I opened it actively.
Now I’m no longer passive;
I open every door that I see.
No, I’m no longer passive –
The doors open wide for me!
I
encourage you to explore the passive voice and the middle voice, and learn more about ergative verbs. You might find
the doors opening wide for you too!
